Maps Cartes Mapas نقشه ها خرائط

2-M | 5º aniversario de la movilización en Madrid por los presos políticos saharauis: cinco años sin respuestas

El próximo lunes 2 de marzo se cumplen cinco años de concentraciones semanales ante el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, en la Plaza de la Provincia (Madrid), para denunciar la situación de los presos políticos saharauis encarcelados en Marruecos y exigir al Gobierno español que asuma su responsabilidad política y jurídica ante esta vulneración continuada de derechos fundamentales.

27/02/2026

Una apuesta perdida, un legado envenenado: Camp Century, una bomba tóxica de efecto retardado bajo el hielo de Groenlandia

Ben Cramer, con documentación de la asociación Robin des Bois, Athena21, 22-2-2026
Traducido por Tlaxcala

Al servicio de la OTAN - para confirmar el valor estratégico de la colonia danesa en los primeros días de la Guerra Fría, la instalación militar usamericana se reforzó en 1951. Como parte de la OTAN. Pero este “tratado de defensa de Groenlandia” de 1951 no menciona ni misiles balísticos, ni el reactor nuclear portátil, ni las bombas H... Obviamente.


En 1993, documentos desclasificados de la Fuerza Aérea de USA revelaron que, durante la mayor parte de los años 60, los bombarderos del Mando Aéreo Estratégico (SAC) que transportaban armas nucleares sobrevolaron regularmente Groenlandia. Sin embargo, este territorio de más de 2 millones de km² está sujeto a la prohibición danesa de cualquier presencia de armas nucleares en su suelo, según un protocolo establecido en 1957. De ahí las negociaciones entre Washington y Copenhague sobre las responsabilidades compartidas, analizadas por expertos como Hans Christensen.

Dos fotos de archivo de 1959, año de creación, a 1964, fin de las obras en Camp Century. A la izquierda, la tasa de deshielo en la región de Thule. © Colgan.

Esta instalación militar se realizó a expensas del pueblo kalaallit (inuit). Por ejemplo: para dar su visto bueno a la ampliación de la Base Aérea de Thule, Copenhague no se molestó en consultar a la población local, representada por el Consejo de Cazadores. En lugar de una consulta, el gobierno danés ordenó en mayo de 1953 el traslado/deportación de los nativos de Thule (los inughuit), una pequeña comunidad inuit que vivía de la caza y pesca tradicionales. 187 de ellos fueron obligados a abandonar sus tierras ancestrales para exiliarse en Qaanaaq, a 150 kilómetros al norte. No recibirían una compensación hasta 1999.

Camp Century sin “Átomos para la Paz”

En junio de 1959 comenzó la construcción de Camp Century, a 204 km al sur de la Base Thule, a 1.290 kilómetros del Polo Norte. Las 24 horas del día, aprovechando el día polar, de 150 a 200 hombres del Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de USA (USACE) trabajaban. Oficialmente, se trataba de sostener una comunidad de científicos dedicada a la investigación del clima. Pero en realidad....

Camp Century representó el primer paso del proyecto ultrasecreto “Iceworm” (Gusano de Hielo). Detrás de esta fachada, el propósito de la base pionera era estudiar la viabilidad de una plataforma de lanzamiento de misiles balísticos bajo la capa de hielo para apuntar a la URSS. Aunque la instalación, incluido su reactor nuclear “de bolsillo”, había sido revelada por el Saturday Evening Post ya en 1960, la existencia de este proyecto, incluido su aspecto nuclear, no se hizo pública finalmente hasta 1997 por el Instituto Danés de Asuntos Internacionales, un instituto de investigación dependiente del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores danés.

El Pentágono aspiraba a construir un complejo militar de aproximadamente 135.000 km² (una superficie mayor que Grecia) en el que pudieran estacionarse hasta 11.000 soldados. Se planeó almacenar allí - ¡con la ambición de ser indetectables! - 600 misiles balísticos Minuteman con cabezas nucleares y moverlos entre 2.100 silos ocultos bajo el hielo del Ártico, para confundir a la inteligencia soviética. Pero finalmente no se desplegó ningún misil en la base.


Gran obra y reliquia de la Guerra Fría

Excavar la base subglacial, utilizando quitanieves o “fresadoras de nieve” gigantes traídas de los Alpes suizos, no fue tarea fácil. En total, se excavaron 21 túneles, todos perpendiculares a una “calle principal” de 335 metros de largo. El “Palacio de Hielo” de 55 hectáreas incluía viviendas, una biblioteca, espacios de trabajo y ocio, un teatro y una iglesia. Las aguas residuales se vertían en fosas, con la esperanza de que se congelaran en la criosfera y desaparecieran para siempre de los ojos y narices de la humanidad.

La obra se alimentaba con generadores diésel. Pero había que hacer algo mejor. Por lo tanto, se transportó un reactor de agua a presión de 2 megavatios en partes desde Thule hasta la capa de hielo y se ensambló en el lugar, en Camp Century.

Con 20 kg de uranio 235 enriquecido al 93%, el reactor nuclear desmontable PM-2A (Portable Medium Power) era capaz de alimentar el campamento durante 2 años y, al mismo tiempo, reemplazar el consumo anual de 1,5 millones de litros de fueloil de los generadores. En octubre de 1960, el PM-2A, diseñado por la American Locomotive Company (ALCO), comenzó a generar electricidad. ¡Un reactor nuclear “de bolsillo”: todo un hito mundial!

Pero este pequeño reactor modular, antepasado de los SMR actuales, diseñado y construido a mediados del siglo XX, representa una amenaza sanitaria y medioambiental durante los siglos venideros, como señala Paul Bierman, profesor de ciencias ambientales de la Universidad de Vermont, autor de “When the Ice Is Gone. What a Greenland Ice Core Reveals About Earth's Tumultuous History and Perilous Future.” (Cuando el hielo desaparezca. Lo que revela un núcleo de hielo de Groenlandia sobre la tumultuosa historia y el futuro peligroso de la Tierra).

¿Es tranquilizadora la tecnología atómica radicalmente innovadora? Según un
informe de Robin des Bois, las precauciones impuestas a los técnicos encargados de introducir las barras de combustible en el núcleo del reactor eran prácticamente inexistentes.

El fin de una ilusión y Camp Century con los días contados

Hubo que desengañarse: el mantenimiento del sitio resultó laborioso, complicado, incluso absurdo. Las estructuras de los túneles se deformaban y colapsaban bajo la compresión del hielo y la nieve superficial. Para evitar el colapso de Camp Century, los soldados-ingenieros tenían que extraer 40 toneladas de nieve de la base por semana y despejar 120 toneladas de la superficie al mes. Los ferrocarriles de acero rígido corrían el riesgo de deformarse por el movimiento del hielo; los misiles podían volcarse, y el reactor nuclear, conectado a una red de tuberías, respiraderos y conductos también en movimiento, también estaba amenazado. El programa “Iceworm” parecía cada vez más insostenible. Las discrepancias estratégicas dentro del ejército y los problemas técnicos (rápida deformación de los túneles, dificultad de los misiles para funcionar correctamente a -20°C) llevaron al secretario de Defensa McNamara a cancelar el proyecto en 1963. Este fiasco fue también resultado de la ignorancia. Como escribió Neil Shea en nationalgeographic.com, el 30 de enero de 2025: “El Proyecto Iceworm estaba condenado al fracaso desde el principio porque los glaciares se comportan como seres vivos. Se deslizan, encogen, crecen y colapsan, y es imposible que alguien los detenga”.

Con prisas, Camp Century fue cerrado durante el verano de 1963. Durante el verano de 1964, el núcleo del reactor fue desmantelado y repatriado a USA. El campamento fue abandonado cuatro años después. Pero nada se resolvió...

La continuación de una Serie Negra

Tras el accidente del B-52G el 21 de enero de 1968

Después del cierre de Camp Century, un bombardero estratégico que transportaba municiones nucleares se estrelló cerca de la Base Aérea de Thule, rebautizada como Base Espacial Pituffik en 2023. A pesar del accidente en el hielo marino, las cuatro bombas H no detonaron. Sin embargo, el avión explotó, provocando la rotura y dispersión de las cargas nucleares, contaminando así la nieve circundante. Se puso en marcha una gran operación de limpieza. Se “invitó” a los inuit a realizar la limpieza, aunque no disponían del equipo de protección adecuado. Muchos inuit morirían a causa de la contaminación. La frecuencia del cáncer entre esta población alcanzaría niveles récord.

Las consecuencias ambientales de Camp Century

A partir de 1967, Camp Century fue abandonado. Completamente. Con la esperanza de que la nieve y el hielo enterraran la memoria del lugar.

William Colgan, especialista en clima y glaciares de la Universidad de York en Toronto, explicó al periódico The Guardian en septiembre de 2016: “En aquel entonces, en los años 60, el término “calentamiento global” ni siquiera se había inventado. Ellos (los ingenieros) pensaron que la base nunca quedaría expuesta. Pero el clima está cambiando, y la pregunta ahora es si lo que está abajo permanecerá allí”.

El legado de esta aventura, tan grandiosa como efímera, está cargado de consecuencias. Según el acuerdo entre la Comisión de Energía Atómica de USA y la Comisión Danesa de Energía Atómica (encargada de supervisar el desmantelamiento), todos los residuos sólidos fueron retirados de Groenlandia, colocados en contenedores de hormigón y sumergidos en lugares designados en el Océano Ártico o depositados en vertederos en USA. ¿Todos los residuos?

El futuro de los residuos

Según un estudio realizado por académicos de Canadá, Suiza, USA y Dinamarca, se abandonaron 200.000 litros de diésel, 240.000 litros de aguas residuales (agua de refrigeración del reactor) y 9.200 toneladas de residuos sólidos procedentes del desmantelamiento de estructuras, túneles, vías férreas y talleres de mantenimiento. Según los autores del estudio, los residuos químicos son los más preocupantes, especialmente los PCB (Bifenilos Policlorados), particularmente adecuados para su uso en la zona ártica. Gracias a su alta resistencia térmica y baja inflamabilidad, estos PCB - disruptores endocrinos, cancerígenos, persistentes y bioacumulables - se utilizaban en bases aéreas y estaciones de radar para prevenir incendios.

En 2016, la masa de residuos sólidos de Camp Century se concentraba a 36 metros de profundidad y la masa de residuos líquidos alrededor de los 65 metros. A partir de 2090, debido al calentamiento global, el espesor de la capa de hielo disminuirá. Tarde o temprano, la reaparición de los residuos (temporalmente) secuestrados en el hielo provocará, tanto para el medio ambiente como para las poblaciones animales y humanas, una carga adicional resultante de las negligencias del pasado. La “sopa tóxica” se dirigirá lentamente hacia el Santuario de Vida Silvestre de la Bahía Melville o Melville Bay, un santuario para la protección de belugas, narvales, focas y osos polares.

Descubrimientos mediante perforación de núcleos de hielo

El escaparate científico del proyecto, cuya verdadera naturaleza fue revelada por funcionarios daneses en 1997, permitió sin embargo la extracción del primer núcleo de hielo perforado, ahora estudiado con creciente interés. De estos datos surge una imagen más clara de un futuro en el que los cuatrillones de litros de agua dulce actualmente atrapados en la capa de hielo de Groenlandia podrían derretirse y ser “liberados” al océano.

Entre sueño megalómano e ignorancia

A pesar de toda la planificación, nadie podría haber imaginado que la investigación científica realizada en Camp Century, destinada a ocultar los últimos objetivos nucleares (Iceworm), constituiría el único y perdurable legado de Camp Century.

A Lost Bet, a Poisoned Legacy: Camp Century, a Ticking Toxic Bomb Under Greenland’s Ice

Ben Cramer, with documentation from the Robin des Bois association, Athena21, 22/2/2026
Translated by Tlaxcala

In the service of NATO - to confirm the strategic value of the Danish colony in the early days of the Cold War, the US USAmerican military installation was reinforced in 1951. As part of NATO. But this 1951 “Greenland defense treaty” mentions neither ballistic missiles, nor the portable nuclear reactor, nor the H-bombs... Obviously.


In 1993, declassified U.S. Air Force documents revealed that, for most of the 1960s, bombers from the Strategic Air Command (SAC) carrying nuclear weapons regularly flew over Greenland. However, this territory of over 2 million km² is subject to a Danish ban on any presence of nuclear weapons on its soil, according to a protocol established in 1957. Hence the negotiations between Washington and Copenhagen over shared responsibilities, analyzed by experts including Hans Christensen.

Two archive photos from 1959, the year of creation, to 1964, the end of work at Camp Century. On the left, the melt rate in the Thule region. © Colgan.

This military installation was carried out at the expense of the Kalaallit (Inuit) people. For example: to give its green light for the expansion of Thule Air Base, Copenhagen did not bother to consult the local population, represented by the Hunters' Council. Instead of a consultation, the Danish government ordered in May 1953 the transfer/deportation of the indigenous people of Thule (the Inughuits), a small Inuit community living from traditional hunting and fishing. 187 of them were forced to leave their ancestral lands to be exiled to Qaanaaq, 150 kilometers to the north. They would not receive compensation until 1999.

Camp Century without 'Atoms for Peace'

In June 1959, construction began on Camp Century, 204 km south of Thule Base, 1,290 kilometers from the North Pole. 24 hours a day, taking advantage of the polar day, 150 to 200 men from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) were at work. Officially, the aim was to sustain a community of scientists dedicated to climate research. But in fact ....

Camp Century represented the first step in the top-secret “Iceworm” project. Behind this facade, the pioneering base's purpose was to study the feasibility of a ballistic missile launch site under the ice cap to target the USSR. Even though the installation, including its “pocket” nuclear reactor, had been revealed by the Saturday Evening Post as early as 1960, the existence of this project, including its nuclear aspect, was only finally made public in 1997 by the Danish Institute for International Affairs, a research institute under the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Pentagon aimed to build a military complex of approximately 135,000 km² (an area larger than Greece) in which up to 11,000 soldiers could be stationed. It was planned to store there - with the ambition of being undetectable! - 600 Minuteman ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads and to move them between 2,100 silos hidden beneath the Arctic ice, in order to confuse Soviet intelligence. But no missiles were ultimately deployed at the base.


Major Construction and Cold War Relic

Digging the sub-glacial base, using snow blowers or giant “snow mills” brought in from the Swiss Alps, was no small feat. In total, 21 tunnels were dug, all perpendicular to a 335-meter-long “main street”" The 55-hectare “Palace of Ice” included living quarters, a library, work and leisure spaces, a theater, and a church. Wastewater was discharged into pits, hoping it would freeze in the cryosphere and disappear forever from humanity's eyes and noses.
The site was powered by diesel generators. But they needed to do better. A 2-megawatt pressurized water reactor was therefore transported in parts from Thule onto the ice cap and assembled on site, at Camp Century.

With 20 kg of uranium 235 enriched to 93%, the PM-2A (Portable Medium Power) demountable nuclear reactor was capable of powering the camp for 2 years and, at the same time, replacing the annual consumption of 1.5 million liters of fuel oil by the generators. In October 1960, the PM-2A, designed by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO), began generating electricity. A “pocket” nuclear reactor: a world first!
But this small modular reactor, ancestor of today's
SMRs, designed and built in the mid-20th century, poses a health and environmental threat for centuries to come, as noted by Paul Bierman, professor of environmental science at the University of Vermont, author of “When the Ice Is Gone. What a Greenland Ice Core Reveals About Earth's Tumultuous History and Perilous Future.”

Is radically innovative atomic technology reassuring? According to a
report by Robin des Bois, the precautions imposed on technicians tasked with inserting the fuel rods into the reactor core were practically non-existent.

The End of an Illusion and Camp Century on Borrowed Time

Disillusionment set in: maintaining the site proved laborious, complicated, even absurd. The tunnel frameworks deformed and collapsed under the compression of ice and surface snow. To prevent the collapse of Camp Century, the soldier-engineers had to extract 40 tons of snow from the base per week, and clear 120 tons from the surface per month. The rigid steel railways risked deforming under the movement of the ice; missiles could therefore tip over, and the nuclear reactor, connected to a network of pipes, vents, and ducts themselves in motion, was also threatened. The “Iceworm” program thus appeared increasingly untenable. Strategic disagreements within the military and technical problems (rapid tunnel deformation, difficulty for missiles to function properly at -20°C) led Secretary of Defense McNamara to cancel the project in 1963. This fiasco was also the result of ignorance. As Neil Shea wrote on nationalgeographic.com, on Jan 30, 2025: “Project Iceworm was doomed from the start because glaciers behave like living beings. They slide, shrink, grow, and collapse, and it is impossible for anyone to stop them.”

In haste, Camp Century was closed during the summer of 1963. During the summer of 1964, the reactor core was dismantled and repatriated to the USA. The camp was abandoned four years later. But nothing was resolved...

The Continuation of a Series of Disasters

After the B-52G crash on January 21, 1968

After the closure of Camp Century, a strategic bomber carrying nuclear munitions crashed near Thule Air Base, renamed Pituffik Space Base in 2023. Despite the crash on the sea ice, the four H-bombs did not detonate. However, the plane exploded, causing the rupture and dispersion of the nuclear charges, thus contaminating the surrounding snow. A major cleanup operation was then launched. The Inuit were “invited” to do the cleaning, although they did not have adequate protective equipment. Many Inuit would die as a result of their contamination. The frequency of cancer among this population would reach record levels.

The Environmental Fallout of Camp Century

From 1967, Camp Century was left abandoned. Completely. In the hope that snow and ice would bury the memory of the place.

William Colgan, climate and glacier specialist at York University in Toronto, explained to The Guardian newspaper in September 2016: “back then, in the 60s, the term 'global warming' hadn't even been invented. They (the engineers) thought the base would never be exposed. But the climate is changing, and the question now is whether what is down below will stay there.”

The legacy of this adventure, as grandiose as it was ephemeral, is fraught with consequences. According to the agreement between the USAEC and the Danish Atomic Energy Commission (responsible for overseeing the dismantling), all solid waste was removed from Greenland, placed in concrete containers, and submerged in designated sites in the Arctic Ocean or deposited in landfill sites in the USA. All waste?

The Future of the Waste

According to a study conducted by academics from Canada, Switzerland, the USA, and Denmark, 200,000 liters of diesel, 240,000 liters of wastewater (reactor cooling water), and 9,200 tons of solid waste from the dismantling of frameworks, tunnels, rails, and maintenance workshops were left abandoned. According to the study's authors, chemical waste is the most concerning, especially PCBs (PolyChlorinatedBiphenyls), particularly suitable for use in the Arctic zone. Thanks to their high thermal resistance and low flammability, these PCBs - endocrine disruptors, carcinogenic, persistent, and bioaccumulative - were used in air bases and radar stations to prevent fires.

In 2016, the mass of solid waste from Camp Century was concentrated at a depth of 36 meters and the mass of liquid waste around 65 meters. From 2090 onwards, due to global warming, the thickness of the ice cap will decrease. Sooner or later, the reappearance of the waste (temporarily) sequestered in the ice will cause, for both the environment and animal and human populations, an additional burden resulting from the negligence of the past. The “toxic soup” will slowly make its way towards the Melville Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, a sanctuary for the protection of belugas, narwhals, seals, and polar bears.

Discoveries Through Coring

The scientific showcase of the project, whose true nature was revealed by Danish officials in 1997, nonetheless allowed the extraction of the first drilled ice core, now studied with increasing interest. From this data emerges a clearer picture of a future where the quadrillions of liters of freshwater currently locked in the Greenland ice cap could melt and be “released” into the ocean.

Between Megalomaniac Dream and Ignorance

Despite all the planning, no one could have imagined that the scientific research conducted at Camp Century, aimed at concealing the ultimate nuclear objectives (Iceworm), would constitute the sole and only lasting legacy of Camp Century.

Un pari perdu, un legs empoisonné : Camp Century, une bombe toxique à retardement sous la glace du Groenland

Ben Cramer,  avec la documentation de l’association Robin des Bois, Athena21, 22/2/2026

Au service de l’OTAN - pour confirmer la valeur stratégique de la colonie danoise aux premières heures de la guerre froide, l’implantation militaire usaméricaine est renforcée en 1951. Dans le cadre de l’OTAN. Mais ce ‘traité de défense du Groenland’ de 1951 ne mentionne ni les missiles balistiques, ni le réacteur nucléaire portable, ni les bombes H…Évidemment.

En 1993, des documents déclassifiés de l’U.S. Air Force révèlent que, pendant la majeure partie des années 1960, les bombardiers du Strategic Air Command (SAC) embarquant des armes nucléaires ont régulièrement survolé le Groenland. Or, ce territoire de plus de 2 millions de km² est soumis à l’interdiction danoise de toute présence d’armes nucléaires sur son territoire, selon un protocole mis en place dès 1957. D’où les tractations entre Washington et Copenhague sur les responsabilités partagées qu’ont analysé des experts dont Hans Christensen.

Deux photos d’archives de 1959, date de création, à 1964, fin des travaux de Camp Century. À gauche, la vitesse de fonte dans la région de Thulé. © Colgan.

Cette implantation militaire se fait au détriment du peuple Kalaallit (Inuit). Par exemple : pour accorder son feu vert à l’agrandissement de la base aérienne de Thulé, Copenhague ne prend pas la peine de consulter la population locale, représentée par le Conseil des chasseurs. En lieu et place d’une consultation, le gouvernement danois ordonne en mai 1953 le transfert/déportation des autochtones de Thulé (les Inughuits), petite communauté inuite vivant de la chasse et de la pêche traditionnelles. Ils sont 187 à être contraints de quitter leurs terres millénaires pour s’exiler à Qaanaaq, à 150 kilomètres au nord. Ils ne recevront un dédommagement qu’en 1999.

Camp Century sans ‘Atoms for Peace’

En juin 1959 démarre, à 204 km au sud de la base de Thulé, la construction de Camp Century, à 1 290 kilomètres du Pôle Nord. 24 heures sur 24, en profitant du jour polaire, 150 à 200 hommes du U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE ) sont à l’œuvre. Officiellement, il s’agit de faire vivre une communauté de scientifiques dédiée à la recherche sur le climat. Mais en fait ….

Camp Century représente la première étape du projet top secret ‘Iceworm, ‘Ver de glace’. Derrière cette façade, la base pionnière a pour raison d’être d’étudier la fonctionnalité sous la calotte glaciaire d’une rampe de lancement de missiles balistiques pour vitrifier l’URSS. Même si l’installation, y compris de son réacteur nucléaire ‘de poche’, avait été dévoilée par le Saturday Evening Post dès 1960, l’existence de ce projet, y compris son volet nucléaire, ne sera finalement rendue publique qu’en 1997 par l’Institut danois des affaires internationales, un institut de recherche relevant du ministère danois des Affaires étrangères.

Le Pentagone ambitionne de construire un complexe militaire d’environ 135.000 km2 (une superficie plus vaste que la Grèce) dans lequel pourraient stationner jusqu’à 11 000 soldats. Il est prévu d’y stocker - avec l’ambition d’être indétectables !  -  600 missiles balistiques Minuteman à tête nucléaire et de les faire circuler entre 2 100 silos dissimulés sous les glaces de l’Arctique, afin de brouiller les pistes du renseignement soviétique. Mais aucun missile ne sera finalement déployé sur la base.

Grand chantier et vestige de la guerre froide

Le creusement de la base sous-glaciaire, grâce à des déneigeuses ou « fraises à neige » géantes acheminées depuis les Alpes suisses, n’est pas une mince affaire. Au total, 21 tunnels sont creusés, tous perpendiculaires à une « rue principale » de 335 mètres de long. Le « Palais des glaces » de 55 hectares comprend des quartiers d’habitation, une bibliothèque, des espaces de travail et de loisirs, un théâtre et une église. Les eaux usées sont déversées dans des fosses, dans l’espoir qu’elles seront congelées dans la cryosphère et disparaîtront à jamais des yeux et des nez de l’humanité.
Le chantier est alimenté en électricité par des groupes électrogènes diesel. Mais il va falloir faire mieux. Un réacteur à eau pressurisée de 2 mégawatts est donc transporté depuis Thulé en pièces détachées sur la calotte glaciaire et assemblé sur place, à Camp Century.

Avec 20 kg d’uranium 235 enrichi à 93 %, le réacteur nucléaire démontable PM-2A (Portable Medium Power) est capable d’alimenter le camp pendant 2 ans et, par la même occasion, de remplacer la consommation annuelle de 1,5 million de litres de fioul par les groupes électrogènes. Au mois d’octobre 1960, le PM-2A conçu par l’American Locomotive Company (ALCO), commence à produire de l’électricité. Un réacteur nucléaire ‘de poche’ : une première mondiale !

Mais ce petit réacteur modulable, ancêtre des
SMR, conçu et construit au milieu du 20ème siècle, fait peser sur les siècles à venir une menace sanitaire et environnementale, comme le constate Paul Bierman, professeur en sciences de l’environnement de l’université du Vermont, auteur de ‘When the Ice Is Gone. What a Greenland Ice Core Reveals About Earth’s Tumultuous History and Perilous Future’. (Quand la glace a fondu. Ce que révèle une carotte de glace du Groenland sur l’histoire tumultueuse et l’avenir périlleux de la Terre).

La technologie atomique, radicalement innovante, est-elle rassurante ? Selon un
rapport de Robin des Bois, les précautions imposées aux techniciens chargés d’introduire les barres de combustibles dans le cœur du réacteur étaient pratiquement inexistantes.

La fin d’une illusion et Camp Century en sursis

Il va falloir déchanter : l’entretien du site s’avère laborieux, compliqué, voire absurde. Les charpentes des tunnels se déforment et s’effondrent sous la compression de la glace et de la neige de surface. Pour éviter l’effondrement de Camp Century, les ingénieurs-soldats doivent extraire de la base 40 tonnes de neige par semaine, et déblayer 120 tonnes en surface par mois. Les chemins de fer en acier rigide risquent de se déformer sous l’effet du mouvement de la glace ; les missiles peuvent donc basculer, et le réacteur nucléaire, relié à un réseau de tuyaux, d’évents et de conduits eux-mêmes en mouvement, est également menacé. Le programme ‘Iceworm’ apparaît donc de plus en plus intenable. Des divergences stratégiques au sein de l’armée et des problèmes techniques (déformation rapide des tunnels, difficulté des missiles à fonctionner correctement par – 20 ° C ) conduisent le Secrétaire à la Défense McNamara à annuler le projet en 1963. Ce fiasco est aussi la résultante de l’ignorance. Comme l’écrit Neil Shea, sur le site nationalgeographic.com, du 30 janv. 2025 : « Le projet Iceworm était voué à l’échec dès le départ, car les glaciers se comportent comme des êtres vivants. Ils glissent, rétrécissent, grandissent et s’écroulent, et il est impossible pour qui que ce soit de les en empêcher ».

Dans l’urgence, Camp Century est fermé durant l’été 1963. Au cours de l’été 1964, le cœur du réacteur est démonté et rapatrié aux USA. Le camp est abandonné quatre ans plus tard. Mais rien n’est réglé pour autant…

La suite d’une série noire

Après le crash du B52G le 21 janvier 1968

Après la fermeture de Camp Century, un bombardier stratégique transportant des munitions nucléaires s’écrase près de la base aérienne de Thulé, rebaptisée en 2023 Base spatiale de Pituffik. Malgré le crash sur la banquise, les quatre bombes H ne se déclenchent pas. En revanche, l’avion explose, entraînant la rupture et la dispersion des charges nucléaires, contaminant ainsi la neige alentour. Une grande opération de nettoyage est alors lancée. Les Inuits sont conviés à faire le ménage, bien qu’ils ne disposent pas des équipements de protection adéquats. Nombre d’Inuits vont mourir des suites de leur contamination. La fréquence des cancers parmi cette population va atteindre des taux records.

Les retombées environnementales de Camp Century

À partir de 1967, Camp Century est laissé à l’abandon. Complètement. Dans l’espoir que neige et glace enseveliront la mémoire des lieux.

William Colgan, spécialiste du climat et des glaciers à l’Université York de Toronto explique au quotidien The Guardian en septembre 2016 : « à l’époque, dans les années 60, l’expression ‘réchauffement climatique’ n’avait même pas été inventée. Ils (les ingénieurs) pensaient que la base ne serait jamais exposée. Mais le climat change, et la question est maintenant de savoir si ce qui est en bas, en-dessous, va s’y maintenir ».

L’héritage de cette aventure aussi grandiose qu’éphémère est lourd de conséquences. Conformément à l’accord conclu entre les US      A et la Commission danoise de l’énergie atomique (chargée de superviser le démantèlement), tous les déchets solides sont éloignés du Groenland, placés dans des conteneurs en béton et immergés dans des sites prévus à cet effet dans l’océan Arctique ou déposés dans des sites d’enfouissement aux USA. Tous les déchets ?

L’avenir des déchets

Selon une étude menée par des universitaires du Canada, de Suisse, des USA et du Danemark, 200 000 litres de diesel, 240 000 litres d’eaux usées (eaux de refroidissement du réacteur) et 9 200 tonnes de déchets solides provenant de la dislocation des charpentes, des tunnels, des rails et des ateliers de maintenance, ont été laissés à l’abandon. Selon les auteurs de l’étude, les déchets chimiques sont les plus préoccupants, et notamment les PCB (PolyChloroBiphényles, connus sous le nom plus commercial de « pyralène »), particulièrement adaptés à l’utilisation en zone Arctique. Grâce à leur résistance thermique élevée et à leur faible inflammabilité, ces PCB - perturbateurs endocriniens, cancérigènes, persistants et bioaccumulables- sont utilisés dans les bases aériennes et dans les stations radar pour prévenir les incendies.

En 2016, la masse des déchets solides issus de Camp Century se concentre à 36 mètres de profondeur et la masse des déchets liquides autour de 65 mètres. À partir de 2090, à cause du réchauffement climatique, l’épaisseur de la calotte glaciaire va diminuer. Tôt ou tard, la réapparition des déchets (provisoirement) séquestrés dans la glace va provoquer, à la fois pour l’environnement et pour les populations animales et humaines, un fardeau supplémentaire issu des négligences du passé. La « soupe toxique » se dirigera lentement vers le Melville Bay Wildlife Sanctuary de la baie de Melville, un sanctuaire destiné à la protection des bélugas, narvals, phoques et ours polaires.

Les découvertes grâce au carottage

La vitrine scientifique du projet, dont la véritable teneur a été révélée par des responsables du Danemark dès 1997, a tout de même permis l’extraction de la première carotte de glace forée, étudiée aujourd’hui avec de plus en plus d’intérêt. Il ressort de ces données un aperçu plus clair d’un avenir où les quadrillions de litres d’eau douce actuellement enfermés dans la calotte glaciaire du Groenland pourraient fondre et être ‘libérés’ dans l’Océan.

Entre rêve mégalo et ignorance

Malgré toute la planification, personne n’aurait pu imaginer que les recherches scientifiques menées à Camp Century, dans le but de dissimuler les objectifs nucléaires ultimes (Iceworm) constitueraient le seul et unique héritage durable de Camp Century.

DEEP NORTH (Norte Profundo): Mni Sóta Makóče (Minnesota), patchwork de resistencias
Acaba de salir nuevo libro del Taller Glocal


Un viaje político, histórico y humano al corazón del norte profundo americano

Cuando se habla de USA, el Medio Oeste suele presentarse como un espacio tranquilo, blanco y consensuado. Deep North desmonta este mito. A partir de Minnesota — Mni Sóta Makóče, «la tierra donde las aguas reflejan el cielo» en lengua dakota—, este libro explora un territorio atravesado por migraciones, violencias coloniales, luchas sociales y resistencias contemporáneas.

Publicado por El Taller Glocal en la colección Erga Omnes, Deep North propone una lectura comprometida y documentada de un Estado que, desde 2025-2026, se ha convertido en uno de los epicentros de la represión migratoria y la contestación social en USA.

Autor@s y traductor@s vari@s
Editado por Fausto Giudice

Deep North (Norte profundo)
Mni Sóta Makóche (Minnesota),
patchwork de resistencias
The Glocal Workshop/El Taller Glocal

Colección erga omnes n°15
Febrero de 2026
154 páginas


->Descargar Ebook gratuito
->Comprar libro papel impreso:

ES https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0GQ54XJRN
UK https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0GQ54XJRN
NL https://www.amazon.nl/dp/B0GQ54XJRN
DE https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0GQ54XJRN
IE https://www.amazon.ie/dp/B0GQ54XJRN

Version française

Lo que encontrará en este libro:

  • La historia de las migraciones de colonización europeas, especialmente escandinavas, y su papel en la formación de una cultura cooperativa y sindical.
  • La colonización, el despojo y las resistencias continuas de los pueblos autóctonos (dakota, ojibwe).
  • Las migraciones forzadas y racializadas: afroamerican@s, hmong de Laos, somalíes, latin@s.
  • El papel del Estado, la policía y el ICE en la producción de una violencia estructural contemporánea.
  • Las resistencias actuales: movilizaciones sindicales, artísticas, autóctonas, comunitarias y políticas.

El libro aborda en particular los acontecimientos desencadenados por la Operación Metro Surge, cuando Minneapolis y Minnesota entraron en resistencia frente a una ola de represión migratoria sin precedentes.

Una obra colectiva y transdisciplinaria

Escrito y traducido por múltiples autores y traductores, Deep North combina periodismo, historia social, análisis político, entrevistas y documentos visuales. Se inscribe en la continuidad de la obra anterior ¿De quoi Minneapolis est-il le nom?, ampliando el enfoque a escala regional e histórica.

¿Por qué leer Deep North?

  • Para comprender una otra América, lejos de los clichés mediáticos.
  • Para captar las continuidades entre colonización, migraciones y represión contemporánea.
  • Para descubrir un auténtico laboratorio social y político del siglo XXI.
  • Para disponer de una herramienta de comprensión crítica de las dinámicas americanas actuales.

Deep North no es una guía turística.

Es una cartografía de los conflictos y las resistencias en uno de los territorios más reveladores de la América de hoy.

¿A quién va dirigido este libro?

  • A lectoras y lectores interesados en los USA contemporáneos.
  • A periodistas, estudiantes, profesorado, militantes.
  • A personas que trabajan sobre migraciones, luchas sociales, historia colonial.
  • A toda persona que busque una lectura comprometida, rigurosa y accesible.

ÍNDICE

INTRODUCCIÓN.. 7

La emigración escandinava y su legado.. 9
‘Los Emigrantes’ de Wilhelm Moberg: una saga moderna sobre la gran migración   23

Los pueblos autóctonos (“Indios”). 39

L@s afroamerican@s. 61
Joseph Godfrey: esclavo, fugitivo y combatiente.. 64

L@s Hmong de Laos
Guerra imperial, exilio forzado y recomposición social (años 1970-hoy)  67
Conversación con la nueva alcaldesa de St. Paul, Kaohly Her  73

L@s migrantes somalíes en Minnesota
Exilio, trabajo, racialización y recomposición social (años 1990-hoy)  95

L@s latin@s en Minnesota
Exilio, trabajo, racialización y recomposición social (años 1990-hoy)  125

El “Deep North”: un concepto difuso, pero real. 143

Conclusión general: Metro Surge, o la reactivación de un viejo saber colectivo   147

Posfacio: Del Deep North al mundo: fronteras, imperios y resistencias   149

Bibliografía en español para ir más lejos. 153

Epstein, Barak, Chomsky and the Others: The Eugenics of the Elites

For those who cannot or do not wish to read the entire text

More than a rapist of women and young girls and a serial blackmailer, Jeffrey Epstein was an ideologue of racial superiority. With his circle of interlocutors, he pursued a lucid eugenicist vision.

Tahar Lamri, Kritica.it, 25/2/2026
Translated by
Tlaxcala

This is not just another scandal. The Epstein files – the thousands of pages of emails, transcripts, and audio recordings released between late 2025 and February 2026 – tell, yes, of power, money, and sexual violence. But they also tell, and perhaps first and foremost, of a way of thinking that circulated among the most celebrated minds of the academic and political West: a thought about human hierarchy, about the quality of biological material, about the possibility – indeed, the necessity – of selecting, controlling, and improving the composition of populations. In a word: eugenics. Only no one called it that.

The recording of the conversation between Ehud Barak, former Prime Minister of Israel, Jeffrey Epstein, and former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers – three and a half hours, private, apparently from 2015 – has become the gateway into this universe.


The Epstein-Barak Recording: Ethnic Hierarchy in the Form of Strategy

In the recording with Epstein and Summers, Barak wastes no time on preliminaries. He speaks of what he calls "Israel’s long-term demographic challenge," and his reasoning proceeds with the naturalness of someone expressing opinions they have never had reason to hide.

The starting point is a numerical observation: Israel’s Arab population has grown from about 16% forty years earlier to the current 20% (at the time of the conversation). Added to this is the demographic growth of ultra-Orthodox Jews (haredim), whom Barak considers – with his typical secular-military frankness – another unproductive burden on the State. The problem, as he sees it, is one of balance.

His solution is articulated along three axes. First: selective immigration, particularly of Russian-speaking Jews from Russia. Second: mass conversion to Judaism, following the dismantling of the Orthodox rabbinate’s monopoly on conversion procedures. Third: an explicit hierarchy within Arab-Israeli citizenship: Druze at the top ("totally Israeli in their behavior"), Arab Christians second ("they have a better educational system than ours"), Muslims implicitly at the bottom.

But the most revealing passage – the one that has sparked the greatest scandal – concerns the history of Jewish immigration itself. Referring to the post-1948 immigration wave from North Africa and the Arab world, Barak says: "It was a sort of rescue wave from North Africa, the Arab world, or whatever. They took whatever came; now we can be selective."

And further: "We can control the quality much more effectively, much more than the founders of Israel did."

The word quality applied to human specimens. The term "selective" to describe an immigration policy towards one’s own co-religionists. These statements have been reported and analyzed by Middle East Eye, Al Jazeera, Times of Israel, and Ynet News. And in the background, the implicit – and historical – assessment of Mizrahi immigration (Jews from North Africa and the Middle East) as second-class immigration, accepted out of necessity, not choice.

The Ashkenazi Question: A Foundational Eurocentrism

To understand the weight of such words, one must know the underlying history. Israel has never been a homogeneous state. Since its founding in 1948, its political, military, and cultural leadership was almost entirely Ashkenazi – that is, of Eastern and Central European Jewish origin. Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, Begin, Peres, Rabin, Barak himself, are all part of that tradition.

This elite carried with them the values, prejudices, and sense of cultural superiority of Eastern European Jewry. Labor Zionism – the political movement that built the state’s institutions – was profoundly Eurocentric: it imagined Israel as a "villa in the jungle," an outpost of Western civilization in a backward Middle East. The Eastern Jews – the Mizrahim, the Sephardim from North Africa, Yemen, Iraq, Syria – were viewed with ambivalence. They were brothers in faith, yes, but bearers of a culture suspected of backwardness, contiguity with the Arab world, and inadequacy for the modernist project.

Historical evidence of this discrimination is abundant and documented. In the 1950s, tens of thousands of Yemenite and North African children disappeared from Israeli hospitals: they died, the State said, of illness. Decades later, investigative commissions established that many were given up for adoption to Ashkenazim without the families’ consent, within the framework of an ideology that considered Eastern children "recoverable" only if removed from their culture of origin. It was one of the most silenced foundational crimes in Israeli history.

The North African immigrants who arrived in the 1950s were directed to the ma’abarot – transit camps – and then to "development towns" in the desert peripheries, far from the country’s center. Segregation was not formal – there was no legal apartheid between Jews – but it was real, structural, and resulted in decades of political, economic, and cultural underrepresentation for the Mizrahim.

When Barak says the founders "took whatever came," he is unconsciously – or consciously – reproducing that same narrative. Israeli journalist Rogel Alpher in Haaretz captured this with surgical precision: Barak spoke "as if he were a member of an admissions committee for an Israeli residential community."

The Idea of Mass Conversion as Ethnic Engineering

Even more elaborate is the proposal for mass conversion. Barak wants Israel to open its doors to another million Russian-speaking immigrants – many of whom are not Jewish according to halakha, religious law – and integrate them through a simplified conversion process, stripping the Orthodox rabbinate of its veto power.

The idea that a former Prime Minister proposed to Putin to "send another million Russians" is extraordinary in itself. Rabbi Pinchas Goldschmidt, former Chief Rabbi of Moscow, told the Forward that decades ago he received a similar proposal, mediated by then-minister Haim Ramon, and rejected it: "Halakha does not speak in numbers. There is no high number and no low number. Halakha speaks of standards and conditions." Later, he discovered that the same idea had been discussed with Epstein.

The most disturbing detail is the reference to the "young girls" from the first Russian wave of the 1990s, uttered with Epstein chuckling in the background. In a document concerning a convicted pedocriminal  and a serial trafficker of young women, that detail is not innocent. It is the moment when the demographic conversation reveals itself immersed in a context of the commodification of female bodies – where Russian-speaking women are cited both as an ingredient in the demographic plan and as an object of desire.

Jeffrey Epstein: The Eugenicist Who Bought Minds

To understand Epstein’s role in all this, one must free oneself from the image of the simple rich pedocriminal. Epstein was that, certainly – a serial criminal, a rapist of young girls – but he was also something else: he was an ideologue. He had a worldview, and he used his money to finance it, to spread it, and to attract the minds that could give it academic legitimacy.

His central obsession was eugenics. According to the New York Times, Epstein aimed to "seed the human race" with his DNA by impregnating women at his New Mexico ranch. He had spoken of wanting to have his brain and penis frozen upon death, to be brought back to life in the transhumanist era. He funded the work of George Church, a Harvard geneticist who was developing an app to match partners based on genetic compatibility. He discussed with evolutionary biologists and neuroscientists the possibility of modifying genes responsible for "working memory." He used the term "genetic altruism" to give a philanthropic veneer to what was, in fact, classic eugenics.

Edge: The Salon Where Pseudoscience Became Mainstream

The main vector through which Epstein inserted himself into the intellectual world was Edge, the salon founded by literary agent John Brockman in the 1990s. As journalist Virginia Heffernan has reconstructed – who was a member – Edge presented itself as the place where the world’s brightest minds met to discuss the great questions of the time. Its members included Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker, Daniel Dennett, Marvin Minsky, Martin Nowak, Robert Trivers. But the real host, the one who paid, financed, and attracted the leading minds to him, was Epstein.

The files reveal emails in which the financier discusses "racial hierarchy" with scientists in his circle. He cultivated relationships with figures from the online alternative right. He discussed the "utility of fascism" with his scientific interlocutors.

The largest investment – $9.1 million between 1998 and 2008, of which $6.5 million in a single tranche in 2003 – went to Harvard’s Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, directed by mathematician-biologist Martin Nowak. As science historian Naomi Oreskes wrote in Scientific American: "Epstein was a modern-day eugenicist whose obsession was tied to the delusional fantasy of seeding the human race with his own DNA. What makes matters worse is that he concentrated his largesse on research into the genetic basis of human behavior."

Transhumanism as Presentable Eugenics

There is a thread connecting Epstein’s thought to contemporary Silicon Valley: to Elon Musk, to Peter Thiel, to the fantasies of "human enhancement" circulating among tech billionaires. That thread is transhumanism: the idea that technology can and should transcend the biological limits of man, leading to a new superior species. As in the classic version of 20th-century eugenics, there is the conviction that some are more fit for survival and reproduction than others. Only instead of explicit biological racism, they speak of "genetic optimization," "DNA editing," or "evolutionary altruism."

The difference from Nazi or American eugenics of the 1930s is merely one of form. The substance is the same: the idea that there are "higher quality" populations to reproduce and "problematic" populations to manage, reduce, or exclude. Whether expressed in tech startup language instead of German does not make it less dangerous.

The Chomsky Case: The Co-opted Dissident

Of all the revelations emerging from the Epstein files, the one that has hit the intellectual left hardest concerns Noam Chomsky. The MIT linguist, 97 years old, author of Understanding Power and Manufacturing Consent, turns out to have had an extensive, multifaceted relationship with Epstein – and despite denials, it is difficult to reduce it to a simple misunderstanding. The full dossier has been reconstructed by World Socialist Web Site, New Statesman, CounterPunch, and The Canary.

The Extent of the Relationship

The released emails and text messages document years of association. Epstein transferred $270,000 to the accounts of Chomsky or his family. He offered him the use of his Manhattan apartment. He invited him to his island. He sent him DNA kits in 2017: a move that fits, as is now clear, into his obsession with collecting genetic material from prominent intellectual individuals.

In one of the most troubling exchanges, Epstein pushed Chomsky on themes of cognitive differences between racial groups and the possibility of genetic editing. Chomsky’s response was that of a man trying to resist provocation: he attributed the measured disparities in cognitive tests to the historical legacy of racism, not biological factors. But then he conceded the ground Epstein wanted to lead him onto: he said that if genes could be modified, the priority should be to reduce the "dedicated ferocity" of those who seek power. Epstein had rebranded the whole thing "genetic altruism." When in 2016 Epstein sent him a link to the neo-Nazi podcast The Right Stuff – the same network that would later actively participate in the 2017 Charlottesville rally – it does not appear that Chomsky broke off the relationship.

Perhaps the most embarrassing detail concerns 2019: when the Miami Herald published its investigation into Epstein’s abuses, Chomsky wrote to him advising him to ignore the accusations, describing the treatment he received as the result of media hysteria. "The best way to proceed is to ignore it," he wrote. Chomsky expressed sympathy for Epstein over "the horrible way you are treated by the press and the public."

Chomsky’s wife, Valeria, has issued a statement admitting "grave errors of judgment": Epstein allegedly constructed "a manipulative narrative" about his own innocence that Chomsky, in good faith, believed. But letters like the one where Valeria described Epstein as "our best friend, I mean the only one" – or where Noam concluded with "like a true friendship, deep and sincere and eternal from both of us" – are difficult to reduce to unilateral manipulation.

How to Explain It?

The most convincing explanation is structural, not psychological. Chomsky always believed that change came not from the organized working class, but from educational action on the elites. He always thought it was more useful to influence those who hold power than to organize those who do not. This vision naturally led him to seek access to the centers of power, not to contain them from the outside.

In this sense, Chomsky and Barak are mirror images: both move in a universe where the decisions that matter are made in private – in Manhattan apartments, on Little St. James island, in the salons of Edge, in confidential conversations with heads of state. Both accept, in different forms, the elitist logic that Epstein embodied.

The Left’s Embarrassment

The reaction of the American intellectual left to this affair has been revealing. Silence has been the dominant response. Jacobin, which in June 2024 had celebrated Chomsky as an ‘intellectual and moral champion,’ has not published a critical analysis worth mentioning. And the asymmetry – the same that Barak claimed in his self-defense – is itself a political problem. The critique of power applied only to opponents ceases to be critique and becomes sectarian identity.

Who Else Was in the Circle?

Barak, Chomsky, and Epstein are the central figures in this affair, but not the only ones. Around them moves a galaxy of names that the files continue to reveal.

Lawrence Summers

The former Clinton Treasury Secretary, former Harvard president, and one of the architects of 1990s financial deregulation was present in the conversation with Barak. He was the one who introduced the concept of terrible demography: the expression used in Israeli politics to identify Palestinian demographic growth as an existential threat. Summers and Epstein routinely exchanged emails for years, according to the New York Times. Summers was also at the 2004 Harvard dinner with Epstein, Dershowitz, Trivers, and Pinker: the photo depicting them is worth more than a thousand words.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, September 9, 2004: Jeffrey Epstein at a dinner he hosted at Harvard University with professors Alan Dershowitz, Stephen Pinker, Robert Trivers (Princeton), Larry Summers, E.O. Wilson, Marvin Minsky, Lisa Randall, Martin Nowak, and Alan Guth. Photo by Rick Friedman.

The Scientific Circle

Martin Nowak, the mathematician funded by Epstein with $6.5 million, is just the most striking case. There are also: theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss, president of Arizona State University’s Origins Project, who sought advice from Epstein after his own sexual harassment accusations; Harvard physicist Lisa Randall, who joked about Epstein’s arrest in an affectionate tone. Elements widely reconstructed by Scientific American in November 2025.

The common denominator is not conscious adherence to eugenics, at least not in all cases. It is something more subtle: accepting funding, being willing to associate with the character, refraining from asking questions about the source of the money and the intentions of the donor. Co-optation rarely works through violence or explicit corruption. It works through flattery, convenience, the feeling of belonging to a special circle.

The Body as Territory: Pedocriminality, Lineage, and Domination

There is a dimension of the Epstein Files that public debate has struggled to focus on, and that the UN Human Rights Council special rapporteurs had the courage to name without euphemism. In the statement of February 17, 2026, the rapporteurs write that the evidence contained in the files is such that it potentially constitutes crimes against humanity: sexual slavery, reproductive violence, enforced disappearance, torture, femicide. Their analysis adds something fundamental: these crimes were committed "in a context of supremacist ideologies, racism and extreme misogyny." That is: there was an ideological framework. There was a belief system that made them thinkable, even rational, for those who planned them.

It is precisely this connection – between the ideological and the criminal planes – that Australian political scientist Melinda Cooper has helped to clarify. Cooper, whose work was highlighted in Italy by Francesca Coin in il manifesto, proposes an analysis that goes against the current of the prevailing narrative. The most widespread version of the Epstein affair sharply separates two planes: that of sexual abuse and that of eugenic ideas. As if they were two independent pathologies present in the same individual. Cooper instead argues that this separation is analytically wrong: the two planes are different manifestations of the same structure of thought.

The Patriarchal Horde and the Control of Bodies

To understand this profound unity, Cooper retrieves a Freudian category: that of the primal horde. In Totem and Taboo, Freud described the archaic fantasy underlying patriarchal forms of power organization: the dominant male who appropriates female bodies to guarantee his own biological continuity and build a lineage that extends his presence beyond death. The horde, in this reading, responds to a project of immortality through controlled reproduction.

This framework, applied to the Epstein affair, reveals something that individual moralism fails to see. Epstein’s plan to impregnate dozens of women at his New Mexico ranch, far from being the fantasy of an eccentric rich man, represented the explicit, shameless version of a logic running through his entire network. File EFTA02731395 – the diary of a minor from whom her newborn child was taken – testifies that this logic was translated into practice. A project of genealogical production, where the bodies of girls were the means and Epstein’s lineage was the end.

This same logic, disguised as a technological vision of the future, is recognizable in Elon Musk’s ambition to multiply his offspring on an industrial scale and to use SpaceX as a vector for his genetic inheritance to Mars. It is no coincidence that both Epstein and Musk gravitated around the same intellectual environments: – transhumanism, the Edge network, the eugenicist Silicon Valley. In all these cases, the fantasy of the horde re-presents itself in modern form: the exceptional male who intends to perpetuate his genes, using women’s bodies as instruments and science as legitimation.

It Is a System

The systemic understanding that Cooper proposes solves an enigma that has perplexed many commentators: how could the same network include a former Israeli Prime Minister discussing state demographic engineering, Harvard academics designing genetic optimizations, a left-wing intellectual like Chomsky seduced by access to the elite, and serial abusers of young girls? These subjects seem to have little in common, yet they gravitated around the same epicenter.

The answer is that they shared, in variously elaborated forms and with different degrees of awareness, a social ontology in which hierarchy among humans is natural and domination is its legitimate exercise. In this worldview, bodies – particularly female bodies, and even more so the bodies of poor, non-white women from subaltern countries – are not subjects with their own rights and dignity: they are resources. As Cooper summarized, quoted in an article by CounterPunch, the political project of this class is to "govern an economy of masters and servants." The Epstein network was the place where that project was exercised without filters.

The Intellectual Genealogy: From The Bell Curve to Epstein’s Emails

This system of ideas has a history, and ignoring it means not understanding the affair. In 1994, Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein published The Bell Curve, a volume arguing for the existence of structural cognitive differences between racial groups. The implicit thesis was eugenic in nature: the cognitive decline of the species is combated by discouraging reproduction among the lower classes and groups considered less gifted. The book was widely criticized by the scientific community, but not ignored; it was rather received, discussed, and metabolized in that part of the American establishment that recognized itself in so-called "hard thinking," the kind capable of facing "uncomfortable truths."

Three decades later, this genealogy is directly traceable in Epstein’s correspondence. In emails with Chomsky, Epstein cited articles from The Right Stuff – the podcast linked to neo-Nazi circles that would help organize the Charlottesville rally – as a vehicle for his theses on "race science." In emails with Joscha Bach, a Silicon Valley technologist, they openly discussed alleged cognitive inferiorities linked to ethnicity. Epstein funded George Church to develop genetic selection tools. He funded Nick Bostrom, a transhumanist philosopher with a documented history of racist statements and ties to Musk, to develop an organization that Epstein used as a presentable wrapper for his eugenic project. The thread is continuous, and it is no coincidence.

The element that emerges forcefully from an integrated analysis is this: the trafficked girls and minors, subjected to reproductive violence within the Epstein network, were the most exposed part, the point where ideology translated into bodily practice. But the same logic of instrumentalization operated, in less visible and more socially accepted forms, in Barak’s demographic debates, in Epstein’s genealogical ambitions, in the genetic optimization theories of Harvard researchers. The contempt for the equal dignity of human beings functioned on all these planes simultaneously, with different registers but the same deep structure.

Eugenics as the Logic of Power

What does all this tell us about the historical moment we live in? Much. Perhaps everything.

Eugenics never disappeared. It was driven underground after Auschwitz: no one could speak of it explicitly anymore, after the Nazi project had shown where it led. But ideas do not die; they disguise themselves. They disguise themselves as "demographic realism" (as Barak says), as "positive eugenics" and "genetic altruism" (as Epstein says), as "genetic optimization" and "transhumanism" (as in Silicon Valley). The structure of thought remains identical: there are higher-quality populations and problematic populations; the future of humanity requires amplifying the former and reducing or controlling the latter.

In the Israeli case, this thinking has a direct geopolitical valence. The demographic question – who will have the numerical majority between the Jordan and the Mediterranean – is real, and the answers given to it structure concrete policies. Barak’s idea of importing a million Russians, converting them pro forma, and using them as a counterweight to Arab growth is not science fiction: it was a serious proposal, discussed with a head of government (Putin) and the American economic establishment (Summers). If implemented, it would have radically changed the composition of Israeli society.

The Deception of ‘Hard Thinking’

In the jargon of the circles revolving around the Edge network and reactionary Silicon Valley, an intellectual approach is widespread under the name "dark enlightenment." An expression coined by British philosopher Nick Land and blogger Curtis Yarvin to designate a thought that claims to be free from all egalitarian and democratic constraints. Its logic is recognizable: claiming the courage to "say what cannot be said," presenting any ethical objection as censorship.

Hard thinking is the intellectual trap into which many of these characters have fallen. The trap of the idea that "uncomfortable facts" must be confronted without taboo, at the risk of otherwise being dominated by those who do. This rhetoric of intellectual courage serves to discredit preemptively anyone who raises ethical objections. As Virginia Heffernan analyzed in her article for The Nerve: "The salon [Edge] served as a conduit between billionaire money and the minds of dominant males, and together, over the decades, they arrived at a common philosophy: they were natural predators, called upon to exploit and subjugate others."

The European Mirror: Renaud Camus, Sellner, and Remigration as Negative Eugenics

There is a thread connecting the ideological laboratory of the Epstein network to the European identitarian right, and it passes through the same obsession: who has the right to inhabit a territory, and who must be induced – or forced – to leave. It is the same question Barak formulated in the positive (importing the "right" human material) and that the European identitarian movement formulates in the negative: expelling the "wrong" one. Two mirror-image responses to the same worldview, in which the ethnic composition of the population is a technical problem to be solved through demographic engineering.

The theoretical framework is that of the Grand Remplacement, the theory developed by French writer Renaud Camus in 2011, according to which European populations of Christian origin are undergoing a progressive substitution by non-European immigrants. Camus provides the diagnosis. The translation into an operational political program is the work of the Austrian Martin Sellner, leader of the Austrian Identitarian Movement and now a leading figure of the European identitarian international. With his book Remigration. Ein Vorschlag (2024) – translated and published in Italy as Remigrazione. Una proposta in 2025 by Passaggio al Bosco – Sellner transforms the slogan into a legislative proposal: "incentivized" or forced repatriation not only of irregulars, but of immigrants with regular residence permits, naturalized citizens, people born and raised in Europe. As Annalisa Camilli wrote in Internazionale, what is called "remigration" is, if called by its name, deportation on an identitarian basis: the selective revocation of belonging.

The intellectual genealogy of this movement shares roots with that of the Epstein network, even if the paths are distinct. The Pioneer Fund – the American foundation founded in 1937 with the explicit goal of promoting "race science" and improving the "white race," classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center – has funded for decades both the eugenics research that fueled books like The Bell Curve and the publication networks that nourished the European identitarian right. As an investigation by The Conversation reconstructed, the same foundations, the same donors, and often the same researchers circulated between Anglo-Saxon race science journals and European identitarian movements. Eugenics never ceased to exist: it changed publisher and address.

On the Silicon Valley side, the connection is even more explicit. Peter Thiel – libertarian billionaire present in Epstein’s network, funder of transhumanist Nick Bostrom and a constellation of American radical right think tanks – met in 2016 with representatives of the American alt-right and white nationalist movement, as documented by BuzzFeed News. Former Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, the European politician closest to Thiel’s environment, has just founded a new think tank called Global Shift Institute. Sellner has announced the creation of an Institute for Remigration with transnational ambitions, declaring he is in contact with representatives of the League and Brothers of Italy. The network expands and consolidates.

Italy as a Laboratory for Demographic Engineering Policies

Italy has become a privileged laboratory for these phenomena. The Remigration Summit in May 2025 was held in Gallarate, in the province of Varese, in a theater made available by the League mayor Andrea Cassani. Sellner chose it because Italy is considered "a safe country for a far-right gathering," as the organizers reported. Among the speakers: Jean-Yves Le Gallou (ex-Front National), Eva Vlaardingerbroek (Netherlands), Afonso Gonçalves from the Portuguese neo-Nazi group Reconquista. In January 2026, the press conference at the Chamber of Deputies for the launch of the signature collection on "Remigrazione e Riconquista" – organized by League member Domenico Furgiuele with CasaPound, Veneto Fronte Skinheads, and Rete dei Patrioti – was blocked by the opposition. But within twenty-four hours, the petition had already reached the 50,000 signatures necessary for parliamentary examination, as reported by il manifesto.

The proposed 24-article bill is a revealing document. It provides for "voluntary or forced remigration," the abolition of the immigration quota decree, the revision of family reunification, a Fund for Italian Natality reserved for "true Italians," priority in public housing and nurseries for Italian citizens only. It is, in its entirety, a program of state demographic engineering – exactly what Barak discussed with Epstein and Summers, but with the sign reversed, as mentioned. The logic uniting them is identical: the ethnic composition of the population seen as a technical problem to be solved with selection tools.

The difference between remigration and demographic planning is one of method and sign, not principle. Both share the premise that certain categories of human beings are elements of a demographic equation rather than subjects possessing inalienable rights. It is the same premise that made it thinkable, in Epstein’s eyes, to use the bodies of young girls as incubators for his lineage. When one accepts that the human composition of a society is a variable to be optimized, the consequences multiply in directions that – as history has already shown – tend to converge on the same point.

The Epstein recordings gave us something rare: the opportunity to listen to the powerful when they think they are speaking among themselves. Without the mediations of public discourse, without the caution of the politically presentable, without the need to account for the "others." And what emerges is a world where human hierarchy is taken for granted, where the selection of populations is discussed as one would discuss optimizing a production chain, where money and power confer the right not only to dominate others, but to decide who deserves to exist and in what proportion, and whose bodies are available to be used.

Ehud Barak is the coherent product of a political culture – Ashkenazi Labor Zionism – that built its state on systematic exclusion and ethnic hierarchy, and that always found ways to justify it as realism, necessity, foresight. Jeffrey Epstein was the embodiment of the logic of the horde – in the Freudian sense Melinda Cooper exhumed – the patriarch who uses the bodies of women and young girls to guarantee the immortality of his lineage, while using the minds of intellectuals to legitimize the domination of his class. Noam Chomsky is the paradigmatic example of how critical thought can be co-opted when it loses contact with the perspective of the excluded and seeks power instead of organizing those who lack it.

The Complicity of Institutions

In its entirety, the Epstein case is also – perhaps above all – a story of institutional impunity. A man convicted in 2008 for serious sexual crimes continued for a decade to associate with presidents, academics, heads of state, former Prime Ministers. He continued to fund university research. He continued to discuss eugenics with Nobel laureates and ministers. And the institutions – Harvard, MIT, Arizona State University, the American justice system, the Israeli and American governments – let it happen.

The UN Human Rights Council said what too many commentators still hesitate to say: these are not stories of isolated criminals. The crimes were committed in a precise ideological context – supremacism, racism, extreme misogyny – that made impunity possible for decades. The survivors who had the courage to speak out, and the protagonists of #metoo who preceded them, recognized before anyone else the world that was being reborn.