TEEMU RUSKOLADie Entstehung der chinesischen Arbeiterklasse

Teemu Ruskola, New Left Review, Nr. 151, Jan/Feb 2025
Übersetzt von Tlaxcala

Teemu Ruskola, geboren in Finnland, ist Professor für Rechtswissenschaften und Professor für ostasiatische Sprachen und Zivilisationen an der University of Pennsylvania (USA). Er ist Autor von „The Unmaking of the Chinese Working Class“, das 2026 bei Verso Books erscheinen soll; „Legal Orientalism: China, die Vereinigten Staaten und das moderne Recht (Harvard University Press 2013); Co-Autor von Schlesingers Comparative Law (Foundation Press 2009); und Co-Herausgeber, zusammen mit David Eng Shuang Shen, einer Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift „Social Text“ zum Thema „China und der Mensch“ (2012).

Dieser Aufsatz stammt von Teemu Ruskola, "The Unmaking of the Chinese Working Class: The Global Limits of Capitalism", demnächst bei Verso

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China’s Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis

 

2023-02-24 09:00

1. Respecting the sovereignty of all countries. Universally recognized international law, including the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, must be strictly observed. The sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries must be effectively upheld. All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. All parties should jointly uphold the basic norms governing international relations and defend international fairness and justice. Equal and uniform application of international law should be promoted, while double standards must be rejected. 

2. Abandoning the Cold War mentality. The security of a country should not be pursued at the expense of others. The security of a region should not be achieved by strengthening or expanding military blocs. The legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries must be taken seriously and addressed properly. There is no simple solution to a complex issue. All parties should, following the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security and bearing in mind the long-term peace and stability of the world, help forge a balanced, effective and sustainable European security architecture. All parties should oppose the pursuit of one’s own security at the cost of others’ security, prevent bloc confrontation, and work together for peace and stability on the Eurasian Continent.

3. Ceasing hostilities. Conflict and war benefit no one. All parties must stay rational and exercise restraint, avoid fanning the flames and aggravating tensions, and prevent the crisis from deteriorating further or even spiraling out of control. All parties should support Russia and Ukraine in working in the same direction and resuming direct dialogue as quickly as possible, so as to gradually deescalate the situation and ultimately reach a comprehensive ceasefire. 

4. Resuming peace talks. Dialogue and negotiation are the only viable solution to the Ukraine crisis. All efforts conducive to the peaceful settlement of the crisis must be encouraged and supported. The international community should stay committed to the right approach of promoting talks for peace, help parties to the conflict open the door to a political settlement as soon as possible, and create conditions and platforms for the resumption of negotiation. China will continue to play a constructive role in this regard. 

5. Resolving the humanitarian crisis. All measures conducive to easing the humanitarian crisis must be encouraged and supported. Humanitarian operations should follow the principles of neutrality and impartiality, and humanitarian issues should not be politicized. The safety of civilians must be effectively protected, and humanitarian corridors should be set up for the evacuation of civilians from conflict zones. Efforts are needed to increase humanitarian assistance to relevant areas, improve humanitarian conditions, and provide rapid, safe and unimpeded humanitarian access, with a view to preventing a humanitarian crisis on a larger scale. The UN should be supported in playing a coordinating role in channeling humanitarian aid to conflict zones.

6. Protecting civilians and prisoners of war (POWs). Parties to the conflict should strictly abide by international humanitarian law, avoid attacking civilians or civilian facilities, protect women, children and other victims of the conflict, and respect the basic rights of POWs. China supports the exchange of POWs between Russia and Ukraine, and calls on all parties to create more favorable conditions for this purpose.

7. Keeping nuclear power plants safe. China opposes armed attacks against nuclear power plants or other peaceful nuclear facilities, and calls on all parties to comply with international law including the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS) and resolutely avoid man-made nuclear accidents. China supports the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in playing a constructive role in promoting the safety and security of peaceful nuclear facilities.

8. Reducing strategic risks. Nuclear weapons must not be used and nuclear wars must not be fought. The threat or use of nuclear weapons should be opposed. Nuclear proliferation must be prevented and nuclear crisis avoided. China opposes the research, development and use of chemical and biological weapons by any country under any circumstances.

9. Facilitating grain exports. All parties need to implement the Black Sea Grain Initiative signed by Russia, Türkiye, Ukraine and the UN fully and effectively in a balanced manner, and support the UN in playing an important role in this regard. The cooperation initiative on global food security proposed by China provides a feasible solution to the global food crisis.

10. Stopping unilateral sanctions. Unilateral sanctions and maximum pressure cannot solve the issue; they only create new problems. China opposes unilateral sanctions unauthorized by the UN Security Council. Relevant countries should stop abusing unilateral sanctions and “long-arm jurisdiction” against other countries, so as to do their share in deescalating the Ukraine crisis and create conditions for developing countries to grow their economies and better the lives of their people.

11. Keeping industrial and supply chains stable. All parties should earnestly maintain the existing world economic system and oppose using the world economy as a tool or weapon for political purposes. Joint efforts are needed to mitigate the spillovers of the crisis and prevent it from disrupting international cooperation in energy, finance, food trade and transportation and undermining the global economic recovery.

12. Promoting post-conflict reconstruction. The international community needs to take measures to support post-conflict reconstruction in conflict zones. China stands ready to provide assistance and play a constructive role in this endeavor.

Salman Rafi Sheikh Los afganos, peones hambrientos en los grandes juegos de poder

Salman Rafi Sheikh, Asia Times, 15/11/2021
Traducido del inglés por Sinfo Fernández, Tlaxcala 

Salman Rafi Sheikh es un periodista independiente pakistaní. Nació en Kasur, pequeña ciudad de la región del Punyab, graduándose en ciencias políticas en la universidad Quaid-i-Azam de Islamabad. Cursó el doctorado en el departamento de Política y Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad SOAS de Londres. Centra sus investigaciones en las cuestiones de política de identidad y etnonacionalismo en los Estados poscoloniales, sobre todo en Pakistán. Autor de The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947-1977.

Se retiene la ayuda como forma de ejercer presión geopolítica sobre los talibanes, pero el grupo militante declara que el hambre es el precio de expulsar a los invasores occidentales.

 

Afganistán se tambalea hacia la hambruna bajo el régimen talibán (Foto: Facebook)

Mientras la hambruna se cierne sobre Afganistán, las potencias externas parecen estar sopesando opciones para promover sus propios intereses, tanto frente a los talibanes como frente a sus rivales regionales y extrarregionales.

Desde su llegada al poder en agosto, los talibanes no han logrado contentar a las potencias externas -incluidos USA, China y Rusia- respecto a la ruptura de todos sus vínculos con Al Qaida, el Movimiento Islámico del Turquestán Oriental (ETIM, por sus siglas en inglés) y otros grupos militantes y terroristas.

La retirada de USA también cerró la entrada de ayuda extranjera, dejando la situación económica del país con problemas de liquidez y pendiendo de un hilo. La ONU predice que el país se verá afectado por una de las peores crisis humanitarias de su historia en el próximo invierno.

Mientras que unos 23 millones de afganos, en un país de 38 millones de habitantes, se enfrentan al hambre aguda, 8,7 millones se encuentran en estado de emergencia, la segunda categoría más alta en la jerarquía de calamidad del Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) de la ONU. Esta última cifra es superior a los 3 millones del año pasado.

Con los precios del combustible y los alimentos ya por las nubes, la ONU dice que Afganistán necesita casi 7.000 millones de dólares para evitar una hambruna total.

Las múltiples sequías se han combinado con el colapso económico a la hora de provocar la crisis. Pero su resolución efectiva y oportuna está estrechamente ligada a las consideraciones e intereses geopolíticos específicos y mutuamente conflictivos de los actores relevantes.

MATTHEW EHRETSe os Talibãs fizerem o jogo certo, Afeganistão pode mudar história da Rota da Seda na Ásia Ocidental

Matthew Ehret, The Cradle, 14/9/2021
Traduzido pelo Coletivo de Tradutores Vila Mandinga

Considerado no passado “pérola orgulhosa” da antiga Rota da Seda, o Afeganistão está hoje em frangalhos. Mas se os Talibã fizerem o jogo certo, a Rota da Seda Asiática pode mudar a sorte daquele país destroçado pela guerra.

“A natureza tem horror ao vácuo”, e um dos maiores vácuos na história recente aí está, à espera de ser preenchido, tão logo os anglo-americanos partam do Afeganistão depois de estadia de 20 anos, milhões de vidas perdidas e mais de $2,2 trilhões gastos para mandar de volta à Idade da Pedra aquela ‘pérola orgulhosa’ da Antiga Rota da Seda.

A questão agora é: que papel terá a sempre crescente Iniciativa Cinturão e Estrada, chinesa, nessa região e, de modo mais amplo, em toda a Ásia Ocidental?

PEPE ESCOBARA longa e sinuosa estrada* multipolar

Pepe Escobar, 1/7/2021
Traduzido pelo  Coletivo de tradutores Vila Mandinga

Vivemos tempos extraordinários.

No dia do 100  aniversário do Partido Comunista Chinês (PCC), o presidente Xi Jinping, na praça Tiananmen, com toda a pompa e circunstância, distribuiu poderosa mensagem geopolítica:

O povo chinês jamais permitirá que forças estrangeiras o intimidem, oprimam ou subjuguem. Quem tente fazer isso logo se verá em rota de colisão contra uma grande muralha de aço forjada por mais de 1,4 bilhão de chineses.

Ofereci versão concisa (aqui, traduzida ao port.) do moderno milagre chinês – que nada tem a ver com intervenção divina, mas com “buscar a verdade a partir de fatos” (copyright Deng Xiaoping), inspirado por sólida tradição cultural e histórica.

A “grande muralha de aço” evocada por Xi abarca hoje uma dinâmica “sociedade moderadamente próspera” – meta alcançada pelo PPC às vésperas do centenário. Arrancar da miséria 800 milhões de pessoas é feito histórico ainda não igualado – em todos os aspectos.

Criança geopolítica observando o nascimento do homem novo, Salvador Dalí, 1943